Which of the following is the smallest unit of hrmidm x- 5sk/wx6ll*2 eat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by;ab :n76wv5q34 qx7:-bwjrceaqz p ph $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of tiw*a54o sp(aindividual molecules is referred to aaso ( 45awtip*s

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Cox4q9 u.k-jxpympare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the jk- 4p9x.qxyuswimming pool.

  The internal energy mwbar ayq fh ;hce3uj *((08;tof an ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is hald6eh i8bv y46hf the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal ey 66dbei hvh48nergy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy Uwdw y0 h avjo1n57w7dy9 ttv*1 at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatur,jdd:y5 o+m(w zy x1myes do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known f,ndl3r qr un;(y n,kgp(8m/ qks.o0ngact that water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of qmdrlpqn(,s 8yn n.n 0okugr; ,/(g 3kheat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece o,g 8g ei../tiuumne r.g mkfms+7a2x9f aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contacgm ex tmfem8k .isuingga.7.+/u, r29t. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid xn.iv; z14il rto the liquid state is referred to as r4zil;x1in.v the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the va366v)9f1 awxm8zwuftc* oxji por state is referred to aswatx9f*1m8ifcz63ux v6 w)jo the

  If heat is added to a pure sgr k;wl2 ud8l .g84 mcb1dmp+jubstance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesh: o j0v:ec-ys

  When a liquid evaporates5rw zopm,pcr/zwu1;e yp (q / eww da-5x*w*q*

  When a vapor condensed)ii*u h3 oww2s

  In a cloud formation, t3qf 1r r3j)nuwater vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds tr nqjf1) ru33to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water caus 9ktvxs55 aomsd+ fn6.g/5a xses

  Equal masses of watebr7 c ,2wd3ngdkg d;ywa25r 1ir at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is ffi,)6z/t og ,3l)bs wxkmxm0/xa + kvreferred to as3)m,w ix f0+/sakvfok)x6x m,/ tb glz

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot2kbkus3r q .o: when the other end is placed in a fla 3u.oksq2bk:rme?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels mwvado w o93/t0h4 bx/auch colder to the touch than a piece of wood. Th9advw3t h4bo /wao0/xis is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogene rygxoq91,f9n0 lxe da(+sgi 8ous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature + l (1xsrgdao8xq 9fiy9ng,e0 difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is place7;:b2+x j5vn brojhnbd on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The l 5j:bv rb;ox+bnh7j2nayers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules fro2bmwggtnb (c) gfe0,; m one place to another is referretnb)fg ,ge2; wmcbg 0(d to as

  By what primary heat transfer mec.,jyo8 p0typghanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur zhbgecm* //d,1m 6gjn

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is z5tt rj7tsj hg8m 8;+qimportant to humans in maintaining suitable body temperat5gt+tj8tj7 8s qhmz;rure?

  A spaceship is drifting in an 9)2ld el3rv npenvironment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what pnel2dr 93)l vis true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring dw2qk - 6n3: iwwsm6errectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rat63:sn iwkm2-drq w6ewe that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does t.. mv/r.v mpaazc zw ed4,7td6he radiav7 .,zra6m zcd4m./ ae wdtpv.ting power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is rn8,mpm1 vyd3zeferred to as

  By what primary heat im2uz.33n 1 vfwvi;v htransfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much tg1tqg -s: d/pheat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how mua:3t 9nlk , vc;d,twdpch work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperatuhez44suy k-l /re of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to +3l x7fce 70t-o3 io;yhozz nq2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature z7;qe 7 chnt0yo3 ooxi3z+f l-change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally a3 c/z7jehyfh6 za73e it $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of material btq(0 bkmqd2 9(bbvo+ur* 1dn)hd: dgd y $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by addi;lt)nzt*7 b; gydj inc 4hv1l7ng 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.1a h7alf4a3wj,6 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the awfa3a, 4lhj7 gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated tooj*tz1.l(h 2hbb 2cvd $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, i eix 2mt-m(g:nnitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material 5pkjx sb9;5ecza 5fd1 at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system 8h tysd qos/-8q+ j p0qz kth,1vecm*2that is thermally isolated from its surr 1 0pj8h-mht2sqd zc8qko*v /yq+ s,teoundings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationshij4+2mg n8 jqb5hbfo -rps between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had + b4nfbj q gmroh-2j85fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance m. vg(oc5zt ;yf-3edm of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted z f3yeg;o(mc5t-dvm. to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Ass+ /ce2wketrm5 uming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in thi+ te/25wkemrc s tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 k - p4zal0(,tcxfmxya8(gpc)s )v td e:g of water fzg(py 0 ()ex8l-m cvsxdfct):a,pt a4rom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 e2 t klru j0)h/,d-axsg, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel kn.n ik v bu8vscx:r37n/ife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to cha4dqhn vboad0j 4d9dpy )d64m*dm u, 0hnge it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heatv kx. 05n4p.iu ji;ab8slg/ du is required to melt 20./g ;xkspi0id8l4a.nb5 vjuu0 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is ne02zjca/jodi l /cw65 -ri2ro6roj c/ peded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs t)/dki :x *5emi 5adviko be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcalpw3,2mj ih z9gct * ez/u5 ujc/ os2atuy;a)c(/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water iniq-xkn d1sf1t4u-r4g)pb5xzm tially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at 5ltu0fj(ab w1$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to :7ljctwgft5hz: ee83change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gryn l8cli(/0bconlbu n+7; lx /am of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 1a;-pq:fia ,wqx;7er a00 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding bu7*nn7y nb *nice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat uky 9qo5 rj3m 2b5pyamyb:5+h of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting qm yrb9 y55uopjk+5a2 3y hb:mpoint is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concretx 0h0c m50f9xz/l iy:mgsxiz2e is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rod1j q/v ul,8vro kgw-3ds (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass3vg8ku dqv- l1o,/jwr rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thi vji*y2k +,fljck has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temper+j il2fvj*yk, ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of y,tr s(vt7sv6,s7yi2 u+wh vo 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temp7, 6tssruh ,7syvo2(iw ty+ vverature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of mjzuz +e4+1b0r q mvws va.2/jconcrete (/rj.e4+j+a z1mm2bsq 0u zvvw $k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,00v( 5,l9khb inf7m -cri0,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lnf kh sq59c 3- acb8bsnp5eyb -nw9q8:ost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is moni xi t xnby4 )m:5n/wn7jw61wzttored by measuring the radiantt 417xjx/t wn) iy:w5znbwm6n power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the humanzs*j)uswf2k1p ;vz-2 yo :kwj(seqj 2 body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collezs-9 16pjfn uoi )lj:uctor (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.