Which of the following is the smaaq xxc,i ,ma- (9naaa5stg-8allest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raiq85 jr- li5ihe3zxk8+ ojae m+se the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules isfv/-ll px sl*dio02,fi/ah4 s referred to l ,2/*ais4-/0 xfpfivoslh ldas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Co+ k4) -wlvuokfmpare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both 4wvf)+olkuk- the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ide;g-zv po qhw x(eb7 m6a,31ugdal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initial ejd7* v mqsi9*volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of tie7s*mqj v d9*he gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy 6fh 3ys q- 2ylnio1lv*U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically f8mmz1 qxq,de6x dm +:is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heaz( kkw0pj55 p+cc2hh(8 kchbmt capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, imckw(h0 +5p2b5hpjk kz8ch c (s added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminfglnko ojez 7w/(69d+um and a cold piece of copper/dlg 9wkz+nf o6(o7j e; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to cht*y6ssq g 7jy9xjvv);u/p3a aange a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referr9aa y u/t 7 j;xg*jvy36qsvsp)ed to as the

  The heat required to change a su/y 72eptijbz+ ;2gw8,ce o lzsbstance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to pt yblo;7ezicg/w2z+j,s2e 8as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a stead4usc umi2/l3ah 7um-i y rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezevld .0q21uu joi n2pz/s

  When a liquid evaporat7lrask 2.q0-ilua3nvwzd 1u 3jxts,/es

  When a vapor condensesvy1ud,2qw4e )dxty 2i a /fdr0f0 dh*q

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into)7 ryrij .)oaljdf80 d water droplets which get bigger and bigger until i0 idd7j)l.aoyrj8r f) t rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan ofs i)ar ,n-j8d230- 8pk3jdq dxs dtpqd boiling water causes

  Equal masses of wate -akm+kaam+- g2ok3pjr at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collis6 c oe2jv-9rbqions is referred to as2-vbj9o c6 req

  By what primary heat transfer jod wk;qi hs0nkg l-8q;d6//zmechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in asj-g q;hkz 0q6/dw ;li kn/d8o flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels muchmf b n( p(u04.xax+l(yn3zgvh colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the( u p3.xxzba(f(+0ngv4mlynh difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thic84mr o,2ls t7uidx 2mhto phr ej3jx.7 x:90mukness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature ptj ,xxi.o4lhjtr2rm o 70 :sue3h7 xm2 u9dm8difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conam /b7gf ng 3(ewrr+,rductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conbrgr g3w,/fem a r+(n7ductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flou .u7d6e,6,lz jifgmm ws by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is rg .6z jiu d,ml67eu,mfeferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a s -o)dq g:l+vvktove?

  Convection can occur,sjner*a96 ey

  Which of the following best explains why swlk ,25p azlw.vu0,lh ll xvv(5eating is important to humans in maintaining suitavp,u5ll .v0wlh2 lv z5(kxal,ble body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gr/t-yo);pw, ewnj 1d jdq 0gjy1avity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this he,w;noqtey0gj p jd1-)y/djw 1ating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials. One fj6c/c t )sol7of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under cscl f7to6j/) identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor doegnc8 d w(de8:ms the radiating nmewd(g 8d:c8power change?

  The process whereby heat f 3 ; 4ab173slfj c:fuxfycny/wlows in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun-z i(f o9w.1w;xyth+mr/kuqr warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to hog-h b5el8 s;)cnrw0px w much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to-g9s dpdfywzsv+xu6qkz:n4 +*o30 j x how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g (itaki:o pgv:c5nq (/of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperats)ponhn;h 1d. huy 6d(ure chnhp )( h6yudod1hn .s;ange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blocglg*n4 p.u6amy* /1 wtvfm4o b wi/4cpk is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of materiafhd5*skpfo l cd be)1m3 d;5:cl by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bxt .pr yn(yzb2d )b+2nath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron ayu9 z+p1w fgp7nd 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increases bw+ fp9 zug7p1yy $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metag3c*v9e sf d6mq:;zaqj uhf::l is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially aff50upn0 frb6t $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material n-yt:n hm3/dceq(l ni3jv hq 2s)r 20rat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolkc-hf51r 2* x udnvc8sated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperatux25 -kusd vccrn *h1f8re of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to eaprm 9yr6e bz4.rf)r(xplore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount 4m (er9 bar6)rpr fy.zBlanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls dropy a;lclzp ce13; *q2bss a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal enel23sz1cpbq cl;*ae ; yrgy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat l(5 qu2bqhj i3poss, how long would it take to heat water in this ta3 25iq(hqub pjnk from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to *kx.3so*sln mheat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of w.sok lx s3n**mater from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g, csv pcw5) ep. c4qcj:vv 296zord/nz/$c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife bjn6ez 0wr j(z(bl :ai2lade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed fr: 3xj sgpeo- sz98tmi5om steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How mucj nae+jgr 5b3.-en)u*8ojqf j 6/byuzh heat is required to melt 200 g of icej j f*j/)ye jz gb5-n.ubour6eqa3 n+8?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kgggv649 .h2gnktwqh; x of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 10t8mgmr3 +8iea 0 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80d qn:2,ur ih0slft;* gsrj-1x kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water sr(6:y2jqnv6r pgso+f k6of6 initially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at, su4+ /qog5qfi +qicvc;dz a0 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is n8j/:ta /cn, fi cxxz-heeded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change on+hkv *oo+dvf 6p 3iod+e gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requir*-oo/nk2 fw-) qp hfq.kculk-ed to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg t)pw4; 5 qzbixwgbj46of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the head:r a68 i0mxqquup g ve);7-ksb59lnmt of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, an6-i:v)r8gk xp q9 5 ;lmendm qsbu7ua0d its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity ofg5utow6rn g6(wqe6.g concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Tgkzb xywx.t l eugi*b7*atn* 5+h(8 v(wo rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free endeit(5+z(*t*7 n.whkxa*guyl xbb 8vg of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outsid2mgtmrk8vb6k5 c bq2 h s-yt20e temp-8ytb m50sqk 22mt grb kv6c2herature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dfx 6(-rkkzdogx90o8 i-1korf s g ig/bf6fy11imensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempera68r fr0gsfgbf y11kik-1xok-xog69 i(o /zfd ture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in86n mu 9l.,zf g:dbco2f hf3eb 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete 8me.fzbgl f2,uo fbh3 6nc9d: ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal op4ezy: ul r+-pf heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kbcpyjvb- - ,6zcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining stenhfezfh*ha*5l) v- * gel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of arh* nfvl-hh**)gz5ea fea $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body ra8f0ymq5r. e/odik;vh diating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection arj 4:pkscm m w5s:/kr8jea of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.