Which of the following yhllt,*mf9q 7kgy c6.is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the t;8or(xds ap hvu3rr* 2emperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kine//l zw2tkwgn +tic energy of individual molecules is referred to asz /nlt2w/gw+k

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare theyj*;n ce ,bg wgac-f;5 temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming p;,yca fwjc5b*;ggn- eool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dx;s*i. o rnjw*epends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until b2,z)55wag(i:na o bfvnegs: its volume is half the initial voli, b)g5nnfaeo5:a( s :vzwb2gume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U at fvyv/ t9k966orwll8(u +6s9w;w. o ece yclm m$200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drasticataf.)k pd7sll -seb.mcu8(-elly is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heatq mn wybd8yq a5v6)7asuq 27q+ capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masse) an 78w75uqamq2 qqysbv+yd6s of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum2 qo9s+cj6s:45pi eeuzbvb w- and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat durin:5useo24-zj ic 6s+e pv bq9wbg the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from th kj.fz4v84ikz6 co .(; igjqvte solid to the liquid state is re(6vq viz zt84kcgj4fi.; .okjferred to as the

  The heat required to change a substanc h1cc th1 jtrodo )c;mr)9t(gc6u7jl4e from the liquid to the vapor state is refehr (9c76t1dtmcluogoh14 c)jc;r)t jrred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure sub dh4 *codb9qb8 oxv3 0rg*lq4astance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes:j) 4e- kihdq 16vu,dqweck2c

  When a liquid evaporates82wgji4-+tq0lcko e v

  When a vapor condens 3yxjf:vp8jm 4es

  In a cloud formation, wu5p jm ,.tts,3vpru2u ater vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigvu 2.r,t,jmsup3pu5 t ger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame u;q+xa /d dq. ls ;n+8zarxu8q3zj1mpy nder a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water av7)xl 5o a(e1me neuvf,6r1fht $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molew2xj)o:icsje) 3wws: u7v1 yr cular collisions is referred to ajs3uvyo jr1)i w:cs 7)2 :wwexs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one.xiqa+:s vdavuk +q4-qi 9w-n end of an iron bar become hot when the other end ia+w4qx .q-qu-aiv+9v s din:ks placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much cold,ts;)az oh3u .-fzecn er to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the differea .;onzzchs-,t e f)3unce in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built fr5;hm ouy3 dda,/,kfmq om a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given tempeokd m ;5fa,m/h dyu,3qrature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with therihqd+iy) t8hvdx+ww12 syxg/( z5oo cf g2g8/mal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers hx8og 1h+zvwqhd5) 2(tys+wi 2oidf x/gc8 yg/ave equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by t(kj*f ,(*fe8jz j 6:d++ ghrhvcbqshahe mass movement of molecules from one place to another is refebj h(q+k*zsd(gjhra+ 6 *jcv:eff8,hrred to as

  By what primary heat trc2l /i d2n- mw)q4crnzansfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occura4ixu**+ u+.jlt eog4mxlxj/

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humanv00i*i 7rbfp ho3qap*rfaq07 s in maintaining suitable body temperature?q0af h vro*br 7 7qi*ipp03fa0

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration ofva s .-kxqtjipk18 f0 4hz4bf9o-b-ow 0wl4du gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is hepi wokbf -k-.x9-10wsf tla ouzdb84j0h q44vated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built frosi9uyn -+ me+yas7sp3m the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heataun 3+9-symise7 ys+ p would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor d px3-r savhvzu(jcjfhn-f9t:e *6zk3r)w: i2 oes the radiating power cha -s9rf3c rhj)if k t-w3ahe(vzn2:z6 xp:ju*vnge?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any mediumw3+zc wana)*on; a 3y2b:amew is referred to as

  By what primary heat tpmli6(x7h p4.fy(k dx ransfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to my e f ywu. f,82m*ygyah6)fn6how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equiva8t. t rhse203ptnbs3alent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead c4im72h,rzz a7p,nbe($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 k0.irmn 8oxycrgi tin- ;02xe:g of water, what is the resulting temperature ch8erm0 n.0xt: -2g iyci inxo;range?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is y80y/0m 8;n3;lzxf q mlbgybnoriginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature o/ 1;hmg7 g4t ilygrg5wf 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water atf v. cx+b+os;,fqj1 yap/-x ew $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg ofre+( bslzdbz oikjg :)/. 0)ahkl1md8 copper. How much heat is addebm kjl)z/dh( 8.: d+az1s)ekblgo0 ird to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated37hsjbmo v 9 k 6fv*p yqz54:pnj*kxe+ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, s w:/bfp62i t.d gm4shinitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material ah ;4 fwg0vhy,kt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is therrws8,/ku)fqj3yjkvw+ *y qt ;)ceug .mally isolated from its surroundings. One objju)qy);, .yvk/k* qt3+ wcejs8rwgu f ect has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted s tkzy89e3u 0+ke i5- md* :emsurd7lfto explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a sm-s3mkd f7lr *+e:5e ztdu e u90i8ykwaterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing ov:(nujapiybcp 6;/wbq::qyq7er Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energ;iqnbu:jy7/ 6qpq: (b : ycpawy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long* djawvee2wc gszu(0um0+)q ; would it take to heat water in this tank z);0 vs2u (aewj mqd* gu+wce0from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is usedos :m1,m wffmq9by a6yvjxx0z 95dz3- to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water fro3mwojmd y9bxy:faxsvz z5mq0169 f-, m $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1gi s eivg7u/v)s2zrqx 06--wr000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (spf7h)-s 5io :ixqp.+m-gjg unoba: +puecific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to luy g.+87 :bvcu+v2phl6zxw 9 j-rd uybiquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kjj *jz l/:yw0ltri9)qcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g zlj0jriw*tq)y 9j:/lof ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to chanmb9*vj- j*uzq 2:tee jge 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be remoi81bpb,dxa4hj x ;*vn ved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice b2*benk1d-(wo h9rme at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water in-5.m4 b ,xn,pqg drhiaitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a *hwj p 8i6u4v3lw7hejt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is1ukrepp fc tikf3d) 177 e.r0s needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram o3rb f2q, cryg6f $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100un m6 mccrz. 6rta*qgct5k507 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice tosa/ 5cvvs wyl:)t5tq; 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead ay*(34yyz ppgjz r8;mis 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting pointpyz3;8mrg4azp j *y y( is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of consnc bj)/o6n5vcrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of alumin f5s/t ioy/m ,m)zk7-ylox .wjum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maint kizomx7.)lfoty 5/jm /, yws-ained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dieev+z;z. 6srbch y r3clpm 9)4mensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempez3yerprz4.l+6c; b9h) vmc e srature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If t0cz;9pa rz k 7:0461okaobv vqwepz,vhe outside tpzop;ov c w:,0qza9rke4v6v k7z0b 1 aemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of conx* u5s ok3ipr /t5w,kocrete /,wo ioup35s 5ktkrx*($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of hyd+r-(qio ;up eat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal o.c(c yan -x) w(6hlcj)w6puuxf heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monitor u+m0 u;xuena;ed by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of ameux;n a0 u;+urea $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiatin9kb 28up6li xpg energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists insif2at7 90xed b oy7v0qr9eiit8de a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.